virtue
Stoics categorize virtue into four cardinal virtues:
Wisdom (Sophia): This is the knowledge of what is good, what is evil, and what is neither (indifferents). Wisdom encompasses both practical wisdom (phronesis), which is the ability to navigate complex situations and make morally sound decisions, and theoretical wisdom, which involves understanding the nature of the universe and human behavior.
- Related: truth
Courage (Andreia): In Stoicism, courage is not just physical bravery but also the moral courage to face and accept the truth, regardless of the personal cost. It includes enduring pain and hardship with resilience and integrity, and standing up for what is right.
Justice (Dikaiosyne): This virtue involves dealing fairly and appropriately with others, respecting their rights, and performing one’s duties in relationships, society and family. It extends to all forms of interaction, promoting social harmony and cooperation.
Temperance (Sophrosyne): Temperance is the self-control and moderation in all aspects of life. It means having command over one’s desires and impulses, ensuring they are in line with reason. This virtue helps an individual avoid excess and make balanced choices.
Stoics believe that these virtues are interdependent and interconnected; possessing one entails possessing all, as they are expressions of a single rational and social spirit. Virtue, for Stoics, is both the means to live in accordance with nature and the definition of a good life itself.
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