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File Descriptor Image
Shell Process File Descriptors
SHELL PROCESS
FD 0: stdin
FD 1: stdout
FD 2: stderr
Keyboard
(Terminal)
File
< input.txt
Pipe
cmd1 | cmd2
Terminal
Display
File
> output.txt
Next Cmd
cmd1 | cmd2
Terminal
(Errors)
Error File
2> errors.txt
/dev/null
2> /dev/null
FD 0
FD 1
FD 2
Common Redirection Examples:
echo "hello" > file.txt # stdout to file
ls /bad 2> errors.txt # stderr to file
sort < input.txt # stdin from file
cmd 2> /dev/null # discard errors
File Descriptor Numbers:
0 = stdin (input)
1 = stdout (normal output)
2 = stderr (error output)
Always available in every process
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File Descriptor